The Role of Workplace Stress, Sleep Patterns, and Dietary Choices in Predicting Cardiovascular Health: The Mediating Effect of Physical Activity in Pakistan

Abstract

This study investigates the role of workplace stress, sleep patterns, and dietary choices in predicting cardiovascular health, with physical activity analyzed as a mediating factor in the context of Pakistan. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and lifestyle-related determinants are particularly critical in developing countries where preventive health measures remain limited. The objectives of the study are to examine the direct effects of stress, sleep, and diet on cardiovascular health, and to explore how physical activity mediates these relationships. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 320 employed adults in Pakistan, utilizing a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. Findings reveal that high workplace stress, irregular sleep, and unhealthy dietary practices negatively affect cardiovascular health, while physical activity significantly mediates these associations by reducing the adverse impacts of stress and lifestyle risks. The study underscores the importance of workplace wellness initiatives, awareness programs on sleep hygiene and nutrition, and the promotion of physical activity as an essential buffer against cardiovascular risks. These findings carry strong implications for health policy and organizational health programs in Pakistan, highlighting the need for integrated lifestyle-based interventions to combat the growing burden of cardiovascular diseases.